Cox et al. in 2006 (Cox, 2006) concluded that the...

Cox et al. in 2006 (Cox, 2006) concluded that the perception of crowding in passenger rail is created from an â€Å"interplay of cognitive, social and environmental factors, whereas density refers to objective physical characteristics of the situation.† Similarly, there is enough literature available that establishes the fact that crowding is not just dependent on physical density but also on various physical antecedents, interpersonal factors, individual characteristics and modifiers (Sundstorm, 1978). Culture also plays a role in the perception or tolerance of crowding. Evans et al. (2000) found that residential crowding has a negative effect in terms of psychological distress across different cultures; Mexican Americans and Vietnamese†¦show more content†¦(6) Risk (safety and public health), which is strongly related to the perceived cleanliness of the carriage environment, especially the holds and the seat coverings. (7) Emotion—the perception and toleranc e of crowding is influenced by a passenger’s emotions prior to embarkation. (8) Behaviour of fellow passengers (e.g., loud phone conversations, the odor of unclean passengers, noisy school children, and a general lack of etiquette), which would also exaggerate crowding.† (Zheng Li, 2013). â€Å"With regard to the subjective dimension of crowding, two measures are used to capture it in the literature. (i) How crowded people feel, and (ii) how crowded people rate sitting Factor analysis suggested that two crowding measures are conceptually different, where the feel crowd item (i.e., how crowded people feel) is associated with perceived density, constraint, distraction, and stress, while the environmental rating item (i.e., how crowded people rate seating) is loaded only with perceived density. The former is more sensitive to changes in physical density than the latter† (Zheng Li, 2013). (Mahudin, 2012), developed a 3 scale instrument where rail users in UK were asked the following questions – (1) Evaluation of the psychosocial aspects of the crowded situation—â€Å"How crowded is the train that you are on today?† (2) Affective reactions to the crowded situation—â€Å"How do you feel inside the train that you commute on today?† (3) Evaluation of the ambient environment of the